| GLOSSARY
OF WORDS AND TERMS FOR JEWISH LIVING
Judaism is more than just
a religion: it's a culture, a language, a way of life. And, integrated
fully into these Jewish traditions are unique words and sayings. Though
words may have different roots or origins (Hebrew, Yiddish, German), their
meanings are universal throughout the Jewish community. The glossary below
will introduce you to some of the more common sayings appropriate for lifestyle
and holiday events. Bruchim Ha-baim! (Welcome!)
Berachah (pl. Berachot)
- Blessing.
Shehecheyanu - Literally:
"[God] who has kept us alive".This is the blessing for beginnings, happy
occasions. It is also said at candle-lighting, Kiddush, and at certain
other specific times during festival observance.
B'rit Milah - Covenant
of circumcision, traditionally performed on the eighth day of a boy's life.
Mohel - Highly skilled ritual circumciser.
Kvater/Kvaterin -
Godfather/Godmother: those who carry the baby into the b'rit ceremony
Sandak - Person who
holds the baby during the ceremony.
Seudat Mitzvah -
A festive meal which honors the observance of a mitzvah.
Mi Sheberach - Literally:
"May the One who blessed". A prayer usually, but not solely, recited after
a person has been honored with a Torah blessing. There are various forms
of this prayer, one of which is used to name a child.
B'rit HaChayim -
Literally: "covenant of life". A home ceremony for the naming of baby girls.
Pidyon Haben/Habat
- Literally: "redemption of the (first-born) son/daughter." Home ceremony
which takes place on the thirty-first day of a child's life.
Kiddush Pe'ter Rechem
- Modern ceremony celebrating the birth of the first child.
Ken Ayin Hara (Kinna
Hurra) - Literally: "against the evil eye."
Chanukah - Literally:
dedication.
Chanukat HaBayit
- Literally: dedication of the house. Ceremonial hanging of the mezuzah.
Menorah - Seven-
or eight-branched candelabra. Most commonly used to refer to the eight-branched
Chanukah lamp.
Chanukiah - Eight-branched
Chanukah menorah.
Gelt - Yiddish word
for "money"; given as a Chanukah present, used for playing dreidel.
Dreidel - Yiddish
for "top"; used in Chanukah game. Known in Hebrew as "sevivon".
Nes Gadol Hayah Sham
- Literally: "A great miracle happened there." First letters of these four
words are found on the dreidel.
Latke - Yiddish word
for "pancake". Potato latkes are traditionally eaten on Chanukah.
Sufganiyot - Jelly
doughnuts served in Israel on Chanukah.
Ger/Gioret - "One who
is invited to join the Hebrew tribe." The masculine and feminine forms
of the Hebrew term for convert.
Gerut - Conversion.
Halachah - Jewish
Law.
Kabbalat Ol Mitzvot
- Literally: "acceptance of the yoke if the commandments."
Tevilah - Immersion
in a ritual bath (mikveh) or any natural body of water which can serve
as a mikveh.
Milah - Ritual circumcision.
Gan Eden - Literally:
Garden of Eden; paradise.
Gehinom - Literally:
Valley of Hinom; place of punishment.
Kevod HaMet - Honor
due to the dead.
Taharah - Ritual
purification.
Tachrichim - Burial
shrouds.
Chevrah Kadisha -
Group of people entrusted with the mitzvah of preparing the body for burial.
El Malei Rachamim
- Literally: "God, full of compassion"; memorial prayer.
Keriah - Tearing
of a garment or a ribbon as an expression of grief.
Shivah - Seven-day
mourning period beginning with the burial.
Sheloshim - Thirty-day
mourning period.
Unveiling - Dedication
of the grave marker.
Yahrzeit - Anniversary
of the death.
Kaddish - Prayer
praising God. There are several Kaddish prayers recited during the service,
one of which is recited in memory of the departed.
Yizkor - Memorial
services held on Yom Kippur and on the last day of Pesach, Shavout, and
Sukot.
Seudat Havra'ah -
Literally: meal of condolence; prepared by the friends of the mourners.
Mitzvah - Commandment;
obligatory responses to our Jewish traditions.
Minyan - Quorum of
ten people necessary for public prayer.
Tzedakah - Literally:
justice, righteousness; the Hebrew word we use for charity.
Bar/Bat (Bas) Mitzvah
- Ceremony marking youngster's reaching the age of religious majority.
Haftarah - Selection
from the Prophets read or chanted after the weekly Torah portion.
Talit (Talis) - Prayer
shawl.
Hebrew School - After-school
Hebrew classes.
Sunday School - Classes
in history, customs, and ceremonies.
Religious School
- Term that includes both Sunday school and Hebrew school, though in some
synagogues it refers to only Sunday school. Sometimes Religious school
is referred to as Torah school.
Cheder - Old-fashioned
term for Hebrew school. In Eastern Europe, it was the primary school.
Shabbaton (pl. Shabbatonim)
- A Sabbath program of study and celebration.
Kallah (pl. Kallot)
- A conclave or retreat.
Chavurah (pl. Chavurot)
- Informal group which meets together for study and celebration.
Ulpan (pl. Ulpanim)
- Intensive Hebrew course.
Kiddushin - Marriage.
Ketubah (pl. Ketubot)
- Marriage contract.
Chatan - Groom.
Kalah - Bride.
Chuppah - Canopy;
it can be a talit, velvet or silk canopy, or floral arrangement.
Ring - Traditionally
it is solid, without stones.
"Harei at mekudeshet
li betaba'at zo kedat Mosheh v'Yisrael" - Literally: "Behold you are
consecrated unto me, with this ring, according to the Law of Moses and
Israel." This is the Hebrew nuptial formula.
Sheva Berachot -
Seven traditional blessings recited or chanted after the exchange of rings.
Kiddush Cup - For
wine, which is drunk after the Sheva Berachot.
Glass to Break -
There are various interpretations of the symbolism. The traditional explanation
is that the glass is broken in memory of the destruction of the Temple.
Yichud - Time spent
alone together by the bride and groom immediately after the wedding ceremony.
Aufruf - Calling
up of the bridegroom for Torah blessings on the Shabbat preceding the wedding.
Mikveh - Ritual bath
traditionally visited by the bride prior to the wedding.
Fasting - Bridal
couple traditionally fasts on the wedding day prior to the ceremony.
Get - Religious divorce.
Chanukat HaBayit
- Literally: dedication of the house.
Mezuzah - Ritual
object consisting of a casing and a klaf (scroll) which is put on the doorpost(s)
of the house.
Klaf - Handwritten
mezuzah scroll containing Deuteronomy 6:4-9, 11:13-21.
Pushke - Tzedakah
box.
Kosher - Ritually
fit.
Trefe - Literally:
torn apart; food that is not ritually fit. It is the opposite of kosher.
Parve - Containing
neither meat/meat derivatives nor milk/milk derivatives and which can be
eaten with either milk or meat meals, e.g., fruits, vegetables, eggs.
Milchig - Foods derived
from milk or milk products.
Fleishig - Foods
derived from meat or meat products.
Pesach - Passover.
Seder - Literally:
order; refers to program of prayers and rituals for the home celebration.
Haggadah (pl. Haggadot)
- Literally: telling. It is our duty to tell the story of Passover, particularly
to the children.
Matzah - The unleavened
bread eaten in recollection of the hurried departure from Egypt. The eating
of matzah is obligatory only at the seder. During the rest of Pesach, one
may abstain from matzah as long as all chamets is avoided.
Chamets - Leavened
bread and anything made with wheat, rye, barley, oats, and spelt unless
supervised to ensure that it has not leavened.
The Four Cups - Each
has a specific place in the service. The first serves as the Kiddush; the
second is taken at the conclusion of the first part of the seder; the third
is the cup marking the conclusion of the grace after the meal; the fourth
cup comes at the conclusion of the seder. The four cups are said to refer
to the promises of redemption made by God to Israel.
The Four Questions
- Questions asked at the seder. The answers to the questions form the rest
of the Haggadah.
The Cup of Elijah
- Elijah is the herald of the Messianic Era when justice and peace will
be realized.
Karpas - A green
herb such as parsley or a green vegetable such as celery or watercress.
It symbolizes spring.
Maror - The bitter
herbs such as horseradish symbolizing the bitter plight of the enslaved
Israelites.
Charoset - A mixture
of fruits, nuts, and wine. Its color and consistency is a reminder of the
bricks and mortar used by the Israelite slaves.
Shank Bone - Symbolic
of the paschal sacrifice.
Egg - Represents
the additional Passover festive offering, the "chagigah," in the Temple.
Afikoman - A Greek
word meaning "dessert." We make the matzah the official dessert of the
seder meal. To keep the children alert during the seder, the afikoman is
hidden. The children find it and the leader of the seder must redeem it.
Opening the Door
- We open the door to welcome symbolically the prophet Elijah.
Ma'ot Chitim - Literally:
wheat money; money collected prior to Passover to assist the needy to celebrate
the holiday.
Shabbat HaGadol -
Literally: the Great Sabbath preceding Passover.
Purim - Literally: lots.
Megillah (pl. Megillot)
- Literally: scroll. There are five megillot in the Bible. The one read
on Purim is Megillat Esther.
Grogger - Noisemaker
used to drown out Haman's name.
Purim Schpiel - Humorous
play put on at Purim.
Shabbat Zachor -
The Shabbat immediately preceding Purim. Its name is taken from the additional
Torah portion read that day- Deuteronomy 25:17-19 - which begins with the
word "zachor" (remember).
Mishlo'ach Manot
- Sending portions of food to friends to celebrate the holiday; also referred
to as "Shalach Monos".
Hamantashen - Filled
three-cornered pastries supposed to represent Haman's hat.
Rosh Hashanah - Literally:
the "head of the year"; the New Year.
High Holy Days -
Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Also known as the "High Holidays" or "the
Holidays".
Shofar - Ram's horn.
Chet - Literally:
"missing the mark"; a Hebrew term for sin.
Teshuvah - Literally:
"returning"; a Hebrew term for repentance.
Selichot - Penitential
prayers.
Tashlich - Traditional
ceremony in which individuals symbolically cast their sins into a body
of water.
L'Shanah Tovah Tikatevu
- New Year greeting meaning "May you be inscribed (in the Book of Life)
for a good year," sometimes shortened to "Shanah Tovah".
Yom Tov - Literally:
"a good day". The term has come to mean "holiday". It is often pronounced
Yuntiff and the standard holiday greeting is "Good Yuntiff".
Gemar Chatimah Tovah
- Literally: "May you finally be inscribed (in the Book of Life) for good".
After Rosh Hashanah and through Yom Kippur, this greeting is used.
Machzor - High Holy
Day prayer book.
Shabbat - Sabbath.
Shabbos - Yiddish
and Ashkenazic Hebrew pronunciation for the Sabbath.
Kodesh - Holy.
Kavanah - Intention.
Mitzvah - Commandments.
Minyan - Quorum of
ten necessary for public worship.
Challah - Braided
egg bread, for Shabbat and festivals.
Kiddush - Blessing
recited or chanted over wine, emphasizing the holiness of Shabbat and festivals.
Tzedakah Box (Pushke
in Yiddish) - Container for collecting money for charitable purposes.
It is customary to give tzedakah prior to candlelighting in the home.
Havdalah - Literally:
separation. Ceremony on Saturday night, dividing the Sabbath from the beginning
of the week.
Shavuot - Literally:
"weeks". This festival occurs seven weeks after Pesach.
Confirmation - Ceremony
marking completion of the religious school courses, often held on Shavuot.
Blintzes - Cheese-
or fruit-filled crepes.
Simchat Torah - Literally:
"Joy of the Torah." Holiday marking the conclusion of the yearly cycle
of Torah readings and the beginning of the new cycle.
Torah - Literally:
"teaching." In a narrow sense it is the Five Books of Moses, hand-written
on a parchment scroll. In a broad sense, it is everything which flows from
this (i.e. Judaism).
TaNaCH - Acronym
for Torah, Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings)- the three sections
of the Hebrew Bible.
Bimah - The raised
platform in the synagogue where the Torah is read.
Aliyah -Literally:
"going up"; the honor of being called to recite the blessings over the
Torah. Parashah - The weekly Torah portion.
Shemini Atseret -
Literally: "the eighth day of assembly"; conclusion of Sukot.
Hakafah (pl. Hakafot)
- Torah procession(s) around the sanctuary.
Sukkot - Feast of Booths.
Name of one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals.
Sukah (pl. Sukot)
- Booths, hut, or tabernacle covered with branches and decorated with hanging
fruit, vegetables, and other decorations.
Ushpizin - Mythic
guests invited to the sukah.
Lulav - Palm branch,
with myrtle and willow sprigs attached.
Etrog - Citron.
Hakafah (pl. Hakafot)
- Procession, circling the sanctuary with the Torah.
Yom HaAtzma-ut - Literally:
"Day of Independence"; Israeli Independence Day.
Diaspora - Jewish
communities outside of Israel.
Galut - Exile.
Zionism - The belief
that there should be a Jewish homeland in Zion (Israel).
Hora - Israeli folk
dance.
Yom Hashoah - Literally:
"Holocaust Day." A day set aside to remember the Holocaust and to honor
the memory of those who perished.Shtetl (pl. Shtetlach) - A small Jewish
village in Eastern Europe.
Yiddish - Judeo-German;
the everyday language of the Jews of Eastern Europe.
Mamaloshen - Literally:
"mother language"; affectionate term for Yiddish.
Pogrom - Organized
attach on the Jewish community.
Anti-Semitism - An
irrational hatred of Jews.
Yom Kippur - Day of Atonement.
Shabbat Shuvah -
Sabbath of Return, between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. It gets its name
from its haftarah which begins "Shuvah Yisrael, Return, O Israel" (Hosea
14:2).
Kol Nidrei - Literally:
all vows. Opening prayer for Yom Kippur eve.
Yizkor - Memorial
service recited on Yom Kippur, as well as the last days of Sukot, Pesach,
and Shavuot.
Yahrzheit Candle
- Memorial candle lit on the anniversary of a loved one's death and also
on those days when Yizkor is recited. |
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